In green sea urchins from the Baltic Sea, the spines appear to be vulnerable to ocean acidification, which might reduce the urchins' protection against predators. Intestinal epithelia may play a role in mediating acid-base balance in the urchin. (Laboratory study)

Experiments with blue mussels from the Baltic Sea revealed a molecular basis of observed changes in physiology in response to ocean acidification. (Laboratory study)

Weekly growth rate of a cold-water seaweed (Porphyra linearis) averaged 53% in regular air and 28% in CO2-enriched air. (Laboratory study)

Ocean acidification increased the negative effects of cadmium pollution on the immune systems of quahogs and eastern oysters, potentially making them more vulnerable to pathogens and disease. (Laboratory study)

When quahogs and eastern oysters were exposed to a combination of warmer temperatures and ocean acidification for 15 weeks, shell hardness decreased in both species. By itself, ocean acidification had a small effect on the physiology and metabolism of both species, but it improved survival in oysters. (Laboratory study)

Experiments with quahogs exposed to trace metal pollutants under ocean acidification conditions revealed complex interactions and indicated that variations in environmental CO2 may modulate the biological effects of trace metals. (Laboratory study)

Intracellular concentration of DMSP remained unaffected in two macroalgae species (Ulva lactuca and U. clathrata) under ocean acidification conditions, but significant differences in extracellular production of DMSP and DMS occurred in U. lactuca. (Laboratory study)

Carbon dioxide partial pressure and vitamin B12 interactively influenced growth, carbon fixation, trace metal requirements, and trace metal net use efficiencies of the subarctic diatom Attheya sp. (Laboratory study)

A non-bicarbonate using red seaweed grew more rapidly with increasing carbon dioxide. (Laboratory study)

Ocean acidification conditions did not affect survival, body size, or developmental speed of a copepod species during any of its life stages. Egg production and hatching rates also did not change among generations of females exposed to ocean acidification conditions. Thus, this copepod appears more tolerant to ocean acidification than ...