Bryozoan colonies were able to survive short-term exposure to high levels of ocean acidification at normal temperatures. However, its ability to calcify at higher temperatures was compromised.

Ocean acidification levels predicted for 2100 (seawater pH 7.8) did not significantly affect growth, arm regeneration, biochemical composition, or righting behavior of a sea star. (Laboratory study)

Adult green sea urchins exposed to ocean acidification conditons for 56 days ate less food and had 67 percent less growth of their sex glands (gonads). (Laboratory study)

Body fluids of the northern sea urchin became acidified when the urchins lived in ocean acidification conditions for 5 weeks. (Laboratory study)

Sea urchin larvae were able to maintain the pH inside their cells under ocean acidification conditions. (Laboratory study)

Sea urchin larvae normally have alkaline conditions (pH 9.5) in their stomachs. When larvae were exposed to ocean acidification conditions, the pH of their stomachs decreased. This change could reduce the efficiency of digestion and trigger extra feeding to make up for it.

Sea urchins living in ocean acidification conditions for 45 days grew less. They were able to actively maintain the pH outside the cells in their bodies. (Laboratory study)

This study showed the effects of ocean acidification on ecosystems at coastal sites where volcanic CO2 vents lower the pH of the water. Along gradients of normal pH (8.1–8.2) to lowered pH (mean 7.8–7.9, minimum 7.4–7.5), typical rocky shore communities with abundant calcareous organisms shifted to communities lacking scleractinian corals ...

Under conditions expected in the 21st century, global warming and ocean acidification will cause corals to become increasingly rare on reef systems. This review presents future scenarios for coral reefs that predict increasingly serious consequences for reef-associated fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, and people.

Corals collected in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, exhibited a complex set of responses when exposed to ocean acidification conditions, different nutrient levels, and two different temperatures. For example, female corals were more sensitive than males to elevated CO2 levels. Considering gender and spawning may be important when considering how populations of ...